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Graphic visual representation of information

Infographics (a clipped chemical compound of "information" and "graphics") are graphic visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly.^{[one] [ii]} They can improve noesis by utilizing graphics to raise the human visual organization's power to see patterns and trends.^{[iii] [iv]} Similar pursuits are data visualization, data visualization, statistical graphics, information design, or data compages.^[2] Infographics have evolved in recent years to exist for mass communication, and thus are designed with fewer assumptions about the readers' noesis base than other types of visualizations.^[v] Isotypes are an early example of infographics conveying information quickly and hands to the masses.^[6]

Overview [edit]

Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of the number of like shooting fish in a barrel-to-use, free tools accept made the cosmos of infographics available to a big segment of the population. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have also allowed for individual infographics to be spread among many people around the world. Infographics are widely used in the age of curt attention span.^{[ citation needed ]}

In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather condition, equally well as maps, site plans, and graphs for summaries of data. Some books are almost entirely made up of information graphics, such every bit David Macaulay'southward The Style Things Piece of work. The Snapshots in USA Today are also an instance of simple infographics used to convey news and current events.^[7]

Modern maps, particularly route maps for transit systems, apply infographic techniques to integrate a multifariousness of information, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and local landmarks. Public transportation maps, such as those for the Washington Metro and the London Hugger-mugger map, are well-known infographics. Public places such as transit terminals unremarkably take some sort of integrated "signage arrangement" with standardized icons and stylized maps.

In his 1983 "landmark book" The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines "graphical displays" in the following passage:

Graphical displays should

• show the data
• induce the viewer to remember about the substance rather than well-nigh methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic product, or something else
• avoid distorting what the data has to say
• nowadays many numbers in a small space
• make large data sets coherent
• encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data
• reveal the information at several levels of detail, from a wide overview to the fine structure
• serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration
• be closely integrated with the statistical and exact descriptions of a data set.

Graphics reveal data. Indeed graphics tin can exist more precise and revealing than conventional statistical computations.^[eight]

While contemporary infographics ofttimes deal with "qualitative" or soft subjects, generally speaking, Tufte'south 1983 definition even so speaks, in a broad sense, to what infographics are, and what they do—which is to condense big amounts of information into a course where it will be more hands captivated by the reader.

History [edit]

Early history [edit]

In 1626, Christoph Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol, a book that revealed his research well-nigh the rotation of the sun. Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations demonstrating the Sun'due south rotation patterns.^[nine]

In 1786, William Playfair, an engineer and political economist, published the kickoff data graphs in his volume The Commercial and Political Atlas. To represent the economy of 18th Century England, Playfair used statistical graphs, bar charts, line graphs, area charts, and histograms. In his work, Statistical Breviary, he is credited with introducing the first pie nautical chart.^{[x] [xi] [12]}

Around 1820, modern geography was established by Carl Ritter.^[13] His maps included shared frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. Such a map tin can exist considered a "supersign" which combines sign systems—as divers by Charles Sanders Peirce—consisting of symbols, icons, indexes as representations.^[14] Other examples can exist seen in the works of geographers Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt.^[fifteen]

In 1857, English nurse Florence Nightingale used information graphics to persuade Queen Victoria to improve conditions in military hospitals. The master 1 she used was the Coxcomb chart, a combination of stacked bar and pie charts, depicting the number and causes of deaths during each month of the Crimean War.

1861 saw the release of an influential information graphic on the field of study of Napoleon'due south disastrous march on Moscow. The graphic'due south creator, Charles Joseph Minard, captured four different changing variables that contributed to Napoleon's downfall in a single two-dimensional image: the army's direction as they traveled, the location the troops passed through, the size of the army as troops died from hunger and wounds, and the freezing temperatures they experienced.

James Joseph Sylvester introduced the term "graph" in 1878 in the scientific magazine Nature and published a ready of diagrams showing the human relationship between chemical bonds and mathematical backdrop.^[16] These were also some of the first mathematical graphs.

20th century [edit]

In 1900, the African-American historian, sociologist, author, and Black rights activist, Due west.E.B. Du Bois presented data visualizations at the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, France. In addition to curating 500 photographs of the lives of Black Americans, Du Bois and his Atlanta University team of students and scholars created 60 handmade data visualizations ^[17] to certificate the means Blackness Americans were being denied admission to education, housing, employment, and household wealth. ^[18]

The Cologne Progressives adult an aesthetic approach to art that focused on communicating information.^[19] Gerd Arntz, Peter Alma and Augustin Tschinkel, all participants in this movement were recruited by Otto Neurath for the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum, where they developed the Vienna Method from 1926 to 1934. Here simple images were used to stand for data in a structured fashion. Following the victory of Austrofascism in the Austrian Civil War, the team moved to the Netherlands where they continued their work rebranding it Isotypes (International System of Typographic Motion-picture show Education). The method was also applied by IZOSTAT (ИЗОСТАТ) in the Soviet Spousal relationship.

In 1942 Isidore Isou published the Lettrist manifesto, a document covering art, culture, poetry, film, and political theory. The included works also called metagraphics and hypergraphics, are a synthesis of writing and visual fine art.

In 1958 Stephen Toulmin proposed a graphical statement model, called The Toulmin Model of Argumentation. The diagram contained half dozen interrelated components used for analyzing arguments and was considered Toulmin's virtually influential work, specially in the field of rhetoric, advice, and computer science. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation became influential in argumentation theory and its applications.

In 1972 and 1973, respectively, the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft included on their vessels the Pioneer Plaques, a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques, each featuring a pictorial message. The pictorial messages included nude male and female figures besides as symbols that were intended to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The images were designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake and were unique in that their graphical meanings were to be understandable to extraterrestrial beings, who would have no conception of human linguistic communication.

A pioneer in information visualization, Edward Tufte, wrote a serial of books – Visual Explanations, The Visual Display of Quantitative Data, and Envisioning Information – on the subject of information graphics.^{[20] [21] [22]} Referred to past The New York Times as the "da Vinci of Data", Tufte began to give solar day-long lectures and workshops on the subject of infographics starting in 1993. As of 2022^[update], Tufte still gives these lectures.^[23] To Tufte, good data visualizations correspond every information signal accurately and enable a viewer to see trends and patterns in the information. Tufte's contribution to the field of information visualization and infographics is considered immense, and his design principles can be seen in many websites, magazines, and newspapers today.^[24]

The infographics created past Peter Sullivan for The Sunday Times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s were some of the key factors in encouraging newspapers to use more infographics. Sullivan is also ane of the few authors who have written about information graphics in newspapers. Likewise, the staff artists at USA Today, the U.s.a. newspaper that debuted in 1982, established the goal of using graphics to make information easier to comprehend. Nonetheless, the newspaper has received criticism for oversimplifying news stories and for creating infographics that some find emphasizes amusement over content and information. Tufte coined the term chartjunk to refer to graphics that are visually highly-seasoned to the betoken of losing the data contained within them.

With vector graphics and raster graphics condign ubiquitous in computing in the 21st Century, information visualizations have been applied to commonly used reckoner systems, including desktop publishing and Geographic Data Systems (GIS).

Closely related to the field of data graphics is data blueprint, which is the creation of infographics.

21st century [edit]

By the year 2000, Adobe Wink-based animations on the Internet had made use of many cardinal practices in creating infographics in society to create a variety of products and games.

Too, television began to incorporate infographics into the viewers' experiences in the early 2000s. Ane example of infographics usage in tv set and in pop civilisation is the 2002 music video by the Norwegian musicians of Röyksopp, for their song "Remind Me." The video was composed entirely of blithe infographics.^[25] Similarly, in 2004, a television commercial for the French nuclear technology company Areva used blithe infographics as an ad tactic. Both of these videos and the attention they received have conveyed to other fields the potential value of using information graphics to describe circuitous information efficiently.

With the rise of alternatives to Adobe Flash, such as HTML five and CSS3, infographics are now created in a multifariousness of media with a number of software tools.^[26]

The field of journalism has as well incorporated and practical data graphics to news stories. For stories that intend to include text, images, and graphics, the system called the maestro concept allows entire newsrooms to interact and organize a story to successfully incorporate all components. Across many newsrooms, this teamwork-integrated system is applied to meliorate time management. The maestro arrangement is designed to amend the presentation of stories for decorated readers of media. Many news-based websites have also used interactive information graphics in which the user can extract information on a subject every bit they explore the graphic.

Many businesses employ infographics as a medium for communicating with and attracting potential customers.^[27] Information graphics are a grade of content marketing^[28] and have go a tool for cyberspace marketers and companies to create content that others volition link to, thus mayhap boosting a company'southward reputation and online presence.^[29]

Religious denominations have too started using infographics. For case, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-twenty-four hours Saints has fabricated numerous infographics to help people larn near their faith, missionaries, temples, lay ministry, and family history efforts.^[30]

Infographics are finding a domicile in the classroom equally well. Courses that teach students to create their own infographics using a variety of tools may encourage date in the classroom and may lead to a amend agreement of the concepts they are mapping onto the graphics.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the popularity of social media, infographics have become pop, often every bit static images or simple web interfaces, covering any number of topics. Such infographics are often shared between users of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Google+ and Reddit. The hashtag #infographic was tweeted 56,765 times in March 2022 and at its superlative 3,365 times in a span of 24 hours.^{[ citation needed ]}

Analysis [edit]

A nautical chart attempting to depict business concern expectations about emerging technologies as of July 2009.

The three parts of all infographics are the visual, the content, and the knowledge.^[31] The visual consists of colors and graphics. In that location are ii different types of graphics – theme, and reference. These graphics are included in all infographics and represent the underlying visual representation of the data. Reference graphics are more often than not icons that tin can be used to point to certain data, although they are not always found in infographics. Statistics and facts usually serve as the content for infographics and can be obtained from any number of sources, including census data and news reports. 1 of the almost important aspects of infographics is that they incorporate some sort of insight into the data that they are presenting – this is the cognition.^[31]

Infographics are effective because of their visual chemical element. Humans receive input from all five of their senses (sight, bear on, hearing, smell, taste), merely they receive significantly more than data from vision than any of the other 4.^[32] L percent of the human brain is dedicated to visual functions, and images are processed faster than text. The encephalon processes pictures all at once, only processes text in a linear mode, meaning it takes much longer to obtain information from text.^[2] Entire business processes or industry sectors can exist made relevant to a new audience through a guidance blueprint technique that leads the center. The page may link to a complete report, simply the infographic primes the reader making the subject-matter more than attainable.^[33] Online trends, such as the increasingly brusk attention bridge of Internet users, has also contributed to the increasing popularity and effectiveness of infographics.

When designing the visual aspect of an infographic, a number of considerations must be made to optimize the effectiveness of the visualization. The six components of visual encoding are spatial, marks, connection, enclosure, retinal properties, and temporal encoding.^[iv] Each of these tin can be utilized in its own way to represent relationships between different types of data. Nevertheless, studies take shown that spatial position is the most effective fashion to stand for numerical data and leads to the fastest and easiest understanding by viewers.^[3] Therefore, the designers often spatially stand for the most important human relationship existence depicted in an infographic.

There are as well three bones provisions of communication that demand to be assessed when designing an infographic – appeal, comprehension, and retention.^[34] "Entreatment" is the idea that communication needs to engage its audience. Comprehension implies that the viewer should exist able to easily understand the information that is presented to them. And finally, "retention" means that the viewer should think the data presented by the infographic. The gild of importance of these provisions depends on the purpose of the infographic. If the infographic is meant to convey data in an unbiased way, such equally in the domains of academia or science, comprehension should be considered first, then retentivity, and finally, appeal. Still, if the infographic is beingness used for commercial purposes, and then entreatment becomes most important, followed by memory and comprehension. When infographics are existence used for editorial purposes, such equally in a newspaper, the appeal is once more most of import but is followed first by comprehension then retention.^[34]

However, the appeal and the memory can in practice be put together with the aid of a comprehensible layout design. Recently, as an attempt to study the effect of the layout of an infographic on the comprehension of the viewers, a new Neural Network-based cognitive load interpretation method was applied on different types of common layouts for the infographic design.^[35] When the varieties of factors listed higher up are taken into consideration when designing infographics, they can be a highly efficient and effective way to convey large amounts of data in a visual style.

Information visualization [edit]

Data visualizations are oft used in infographics and may make upwardly the entire infographic. There are many types of visualizations that can be used to correspond the aforementioned set of data. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the appropriate visualization for the data set and infographic by taking into consideration graphical features such as position, size, shape, and colour. In that location are primarily five types of visualization categories – time-series data, statistical distributions, maps, hierarchies, and networking.^[iii]

Time-series [edit]

A stacked graph showing the irresolute distribution of processor families in TOP500 supercomputers since 1996

Time-series information is i of the most common forms of data visualization. It documents sets of values over time. Examples of graphics in this category include index charts, stacked graphs, small multiples, and horizon graphs. Index charts are ideal to use when raw values are less important than relative changes. It is an interactive line nautical chart that shows percentage changes for a drove of time-series information based on a selected index point. For case, stock investors could use this because they are less concerned with the specific cost and more concerned with the rate of growth. Stacked graphs are area charts that are stacked on pinnacle of each other, and depict aggregate patterns. They permit viewers to run into overall patterns and individual patterns. However, they do not support negative numbers and make it difficult to accurately translate trends. An culling to stacked graphs is minor multiples. Instead of stacking each area chart, each serial is individually shown and so the overall trends of each sector are more hands interpreted. Horizon graphs are a infinite efficient method to increase the data density of a time-series while preserving resolution.^[3]

Statistical [edit]

Statistical distributions reveal trends based on how numbers are distributed. Common examples include histograms and box-and-whisker plots, which convey statistical features such as mean, median, and outliers. In addition to these mutual infographics, alternatives include stem-and-leaf plots, Q–Q plots, scatter plot matrices (SPLOM) and parallel coordinates. For assessing a collection of numbers and focusing on frequency distribution, stem-and-leaf plots can be helpful. The numbers are binned based on the first meaning digit, and within each stack binned again based on the 2nd significant digit. On the other hand, Q–Q plots compare two probability distributions past graphing quantiles against each other. This allows the viewer to see if the plot values are similar and if the ii are linearly related. SPLOM is a technique that represents the relationships among multiple variables. Information technology uses multiple besprinkle plots to stand for a pairwise relation amid variables. Another statistical distribution arroyo to visualize multivariate data is parallel coordinates. Rather than graphing every pair of variables in two dimensions, the data is repeatedly plotted on a parallel axis, and respective points are then connected with a line. The advantage of parallel coordinates is that they are relatively compact, assuasive many variables to be shown simultaneously.^[3]

Maps [edit]

A cartogram showing the final electoral results of the 2008 Usa presidential election

Maps are a natural style to represent geographical data. Fourth dimension and space tin can exist depicted through the use of flow maps. Line strokes are used with various widths and colors to aid encode data. Choropleth maps, which encode data through color and geographical region, are as well unremarkably used. Graduated symbol maps are some other method to stand for geographical data. They are an alternative to choropleth map and apply symbols, such as pie charts for each area, over a map. This map allows for more than dimensions to exist represented using various shapes, sizes, and colors. Cartograms, on the other manus, completely misconstrue the shape of a region and directly encode a data variable. Instead of using a geographic map, regions are redrawn proportionally to the data. For case, each region tin can be represented by a circle and the size/colour is direct proportional to other information, such as population size.^[iii]

Hierarchies [edit]

A treemap showing the exports of Republic of uganda

Many data sets, such as spatial entities of countries or common structures for governments, can exist organized into natural hierarchies. Node-link diagrams, adjacency diagrams, and enclosure diagrams are all types of infographics that effectively communicate hierarchical data. Node-link diagrams are a popular method due to the tidy and space-efficient results. A node-link diagram is similar to a tree, where each node branches off into multiple sub-sections. An alternative is adjacency diagrams, which is a space-filling variant of the node-link diagram. Instead of drawing a link betwixt hierarchies, nodes are drawn every bit solid areas with sub-sections within of each department. This method allows for size to exist hands represented than in the node-link diagrams. Enclosure diagrams are also a infinite-filling visualization method. Nonetheless, they use containment rather than adjacency to stand for the hierarchy. Like to the adjacency diagram, the size of the node is easily represented in this model.^[3]

Networks [edit]

Arc diagram representing the mathematical Farey sequence

Network visualization explores relationships, such equally friendships and cliques. Three common types are force-directed layout, arc diagrams, and matrix view. Force-directed layouts are a common and intuitive approach to network layout. In this system, nodes are similar to charged particles, which repel each other. Links are used to pull related nodes together. Arc diagrams are 1-dimensional layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking each node. When used properly, with good order in nodes, cliques and bridges are hands identified in this layout. Alternatively, mathematicians and reckoner scientists more often use matrix views. Each value has an (x,y) value in the matrix that corresponds to a node. By using color and saturation instead of text, values associated with the links can be perceived apace. While this method makes it hard to view the path of the nodes, there are no line crossings, which in a large and highly continued network can quickly become too cluttered.^[3]

While all of these visualizations tin be effectively used on their own, many modern infographics combine multiple types into one graphic, along with other features, such every bit illustrations and text. Some modernistic infographics exercise non even comprise data visualization, and instead are simply a colorful and succinct means to nowadays knowledge. Fifty-three percent of the thirty virtually-viewed infographics on the infographic sharing site visual.ly did not contain actual data.^[37]

Tools [edit]

Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such equally graph paper, pencils, markers, and rulers. Nevertheless, today they are more often created using calculator software, which is often both faster and easier. They can be created with general illustration software.

Diagrams tin be manually created and drawn using software, which can be downloaded for the desktop or used online. Templates can be used to get users started on their diagrams. Additionally, the software allows users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over the Cyberspace.

There are also numerous tools to create very specific types of visualizations, such equally creating a visualization based on embedded data in the photos on a user'due south smartphone. Users can create an infographic of their resume or a "picture of their digital life."^[38]

See also [edit]

• A pic is worth a thousand words
• Statement map
• Charts
• Digital dashboard
• Information Presentation Compages
• Information visualization
• Edugraphic
• Graphic pattern
• Graphic paradigm development
• Graphic organizers
• Information design
• List of information graphics software
• Scientific visualization
• Statistical graphics
• Technical analogy
• Isotype (picture language)
• Timeline
• Visualization (graphic)
• News Illustrated
• Maestro Concept
• Family tree

References [edit]

1. ^ Doug Newsom and Jim Haynes (2004). Public Relations Writing: Form and Style. p.236.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Smiciklas, Marker (2012). The Ability of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with Your Audiences. ISBN9780789749499.
3. ^ ^{a b c d due east f grand h} Heer, Jeffrey; Bostock, Michael; Ogievetsky, Vadim (2010). "A tour through the visualization zoo". Communications of the ACM. 53 (half dozen): 59–67. doi:x.1145/1743546.1743567.
4. ^ ^{a b} Bill of fare, S. (2009). Information visualization. In A. Sears & J. A. Jacko (Eds.), Man-Computer Interaction: Design Problems, Solutions, and Applications (pp. 510-543). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
5. ^ Zaman, Jazib (2019-05-31). "Infographics; a form of visual content". TechEngage. TechEngage. Retrieved 2019-06-14 .
6. ^ "The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with your audience". Mark Smiciklas. 2022. ISBN9780789749499 . Retrieved July 17, 2022.
7. ^ "Usa TODAY Snapshots – USATODAY.com". usatoday30.usatoday.com.
8. ^ Tufte, Edward (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. p. 13. ISBN978-0-9613921-4-7.
9. ^ "Conserving a Classic Book on Sunspots". The Huntington . Retrieved 29 October 2022.
10. ^ Funkhouser, H. Grey (1937). "Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical Data". Osiris. iii: 269–404. doi:x.1086/368480. JSTOR 301591. S2CID 145013441.
11. ^ Playfair, William; Wainer, Howard; Spence, Ian (2005). Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas and Statistical Breviary. Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-0-521-85554-nine.
12. ^ Tufte, Edward (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Data. Cheshire, Connecticut: Graphics Press. p. xiii. ISBN978-0-9613921-4-7.
13. ^ "The Profession of Geography: Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter". Archived from the original on 2022-10-06.
14. ^ Benking, Heiner, "Using Maps and Models, SuperSigns and SuperStructures", 2005. [1]
15. ^ 1st Berlin Symposium on Internet and Society, "Learnings from Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter towards the Grand Global Modernistic Advice Challenges".
16. ^ Biggs, Norman; Lloyd, E. Keith; Wilson, Robin J. (1998). Graph Theory, 1736-1936. Clarendon Press. p. 65. ISBN9780198539162.
17. ^ Boxing-Baptiste, Whitney; Rusert, Britt (2018). Due west. E. B. Du Bois'southward Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America. Massachusetts: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN978-ane-6168970-6-two.
18. ^ Manski, Jackie, "Due west.East.B. Du Bois' Visionary Infographics Come up Together for the Offset Time in Full Colour", smithsonianmag.com, November xv, 2022. [2]
19. ^ Roth, Lynette (2008). Painting equally a weapon : progressive Cologne 1920–1933 : Siewert, Hoerle, Arntz (translation, Uta Hoffman ed.). Köln: Walther König. ISBN978-3-86560-398-2.
20. ^ Tufte, Edward R. (1990). Envisioning Information . ISBN978-0-9613921-1-half-dozen.
21. ^ Tufte, Edward R. (2001) [1st Pub. 1983]. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (2nd ed.). ISBN978-0-9613921-4-7.
22. ^ Tufte, Edward R. (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Testify and Narrative. ISBN978-0-9613921-2-iii.
23. ^ Freymann-Weyr, Jeffrey, "Edward Tufte, Offer 'Beautiful Show'", NPR.org, Baronial 20, 2006. [3]
24. ^ Romano, Andrew, "How Master Data Designer Edward Tufte Tin can Help Obama Govern", thedailybeast.com, March 9, 2022. [iv] Archived 2022-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ Röyksopp (19 Nov 2008). "Remind Me" – via Vimeo.
26. ^ "Why you should build your infographics in HTML5 and CSS3.". Paul Rouget. Retrieved 2022-07-ten.
27. ^ Khazan, Olga, "How tin can businesses use infographics?", washingtonpost.com, April 8, 2022. [5]
28. ^ "The Beefcake of Creating Keen Infographics". Venture Harbour. 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2013-10-27 .
29. ^ "SEO Guide to Creating Viral Linkbait and Infographics". Distilled. Retrieved 2012-07-19 .
30. ^ "Infographics", Newsroom [MormonNewsroom.org], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2022-10-16, retrieved 17 April 2022
31. ^ ^{a b} "The Anatomy Of An Infographic: 5 Steps To Create A Powerful Visual – SpyreStudios". eighteen November 2009.
32. ^ "The beauty of data visualization".
33. ^ Turnbull, Dominic. "EPRA real economy infographic". www.epra.com/media/Real_estate_in_the_real_economy_-_EPRA_INREV_report_1353577808132.PDF. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
34. ^ ^{a b} Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling
35. ^ Majooni, Azam; Masood, Mona; Akhavan, Amir (2017-04-03). "An heart-tracking report on the event of infographic structures on viewer's comprehension and cognitive load". Data Visualization. 17 (iii): 257–266. doi:ten.1177/1473871617701971. S2CID 51871538.
36. ^ Grandjean, Martin (2014). "La connaissance est united nations réseau". Les Cahiers du Numérique. 10 (three): 37–54. doi:10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54.
37. ^ Van Slembrouck, Paul, "Analyzing the Top 30 Infographics on Visually", June 2022. [half dozen]
38. ^ Aparicio, Manuela; Costa, Carlos J. (2015). "Information visualization". Communication Design Quarterly Review. 3: 7–11. doi:10.1145/2721882.2721883. S2CID 39594890.

Further reading [edit]

• Heiner Benking (1981–1988) Requisite enquiry and fourth dimension-line: computer graphics-infographics http://benking.de/infographics/ come across there: Computer Graphics in the Environmental Sector – Possibilities and Limitations of Data-visualisation this commendation in chapter 3: technical possibilities and human being potentials and capacities, "a flick is more than ten.000 words", and "10.000 miles equal ten.000 books".
• Sullivan, Peter. (1987) Newspaper Graphics. IFRA, Darmstadt.
• Jacques Bertin (1983). Semiology of Graphics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. Translation by William Berg of Semiologie Graphique. Paris: Mouton/Gauthier-Villars, 1967.
• William S. Cleveland (1985). The Elements of Graphing Data. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978-ane-58465-512-1
• Heiner Benking (1993), Visual Access Strategies for Multi-Dimensional Objects and Issues / "Our View of Life is too Flat", WFSF, Turku, FAW Study TR-93019
• William Southward. Cleveland (1993). Visualizing Information. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press. ISBN 978-0-9634884-0-iv
• Sullivan, Peter. (1993) Information Graphics in Color. IFRA, Darmstadt.
• John Emerson (2008). Visualizing Information for Advocacy: An Introduction to Information Design. New York: OSI.
• Paul Lewi (2006). "Speaking of Graphics".
• Hankins, Thomas L. (1999). "Blood, Clay, and Nomograms: A Particular History of Graphs". Isis. 90 (1): l–80. doi:ten.1086/384241. JSTOR 237474. S2CID 144376938.
• Robert L. Harris (1999). Data Graphics: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. Oxford Academy Press.
• Eric G. Meyer (1997). Designing Infographics. Hayden Books.
• Edward R. Tufte (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Edition, Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
• Edward R. Tufte (1990). Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Printing.
• Edward R. Tufte (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. Cheshire,
• Edward R. Tufte (2006). Beautiful Show. Cheshire. CT: Graphics Printing.
• John Wilder Tukey (1977). Exploratory Information Analysis. Addison-Wesley.
• Veszelszki, Ágnes (2014). Information visualization: Infographics from a linguistic signal of view. In: Benedek, András − Nyíri, Kristóf (eds.): The Power of the Image Series Visual Learning, vol. iv. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 99−109.
• Sandra Rendgen, Julius Wiedemann (2012). Information Graphics. Taschen Publishing. ISBN 978-3-8365-2879-v
• Jason Lankow, Josh Ritchie, Ross Crooks (2012). Infographics: The Power of Visual Storytelling. Wiley. ISBN 978-one-118-31404-iii

External links [edit]

• Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics and Data Visualization
• Visual Display of Quantitative Information

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infographic

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